Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. (Boulding, 1969). According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. /O 49 bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. endobj The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. 0000010660 00000 n task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so e_@{:o>A~66O;_w0diF] S X'vk@*g%^?TIg.hi:l'z$-~ >,D tZ)+;=bz-{;(j;C+RC?2jyy.B{WqJx~CaV&+*N4h\2%5$rT `L#%rl2`8tl Ec_\kf"~BY Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. 0000000868 00000 n As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. You have created 2 folders. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Rating scale 0 to 10. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? New York Times, p.C1. They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. KING, B.T. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. correct. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. 0 Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. This is most like which of the following techniques? The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less ---------------------References: Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Please select the correct language below. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Social Researcher. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. At the beginning of the Festinger and Carlsmith experiment, student volunteers were asked to perform a simple and boring task. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. 4. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. Like Explorable? Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. endobj How are these 100 people likely to respond? Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. in order to reduce dissonance. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. Scott, W. A. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. 59 0 obj They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Social Researcher. Yet no one calls the police. Instead the opposite happened. With everything else held constant, this total magnitude of dissonance would decrease as the number and importance of the pressures which induced him to say "not X" increased. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. 4. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. (The secretary had left the office.) This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting.
festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet